Treatments for presbyopia coming soon

In the U.S. population, 36 percent or approximately 110 million people are presbyopic.¹ With the longevity of baby boomers and the growth of Gen Xers into this category, the presbyopic population is expected to increase.¹ But despite this significant demographic growth, there are limited non-surgical options that have been introduced to treat presbyopia. Glasses, contact lenses, and reading devices which magnify or throw more light on the reading field are more pervasive, but novel non-invasive therapeutic treatment has not kept pace with the potential demand.

In the next few years, however, there will be a number of topical pharmaceutical options for patients that will treat presbyopia indirectly or treat the underlying cause. These potential options will give eyecare providers more options and patients more choices to manage this age-related problem.

Types of correction

There are two general categories for pharmaceutical correction for presbyopia. The first includes pharmaceutical treatments that address the root cause of the problem, “true” pharmaceutical treatments for presbyopia. These are treatments that actually change the composition of the lens and work directly on the chemical make-up of the lens composition or the lenticular fibers.²

The second group includes what are called pharmaco-refractive products and the use optical phenomenon (increasing the depth of field) to address the symptoms of presbyopia but do not fix the root cause of the problem. This group is closer to getting to market than the former.

Because the “true” pharmaceutical therapies for presbyopia are more in the distant future we will look primarily at the pharmaco-refractive therapies.

Related: Topical presbyopia management: Threat or opportunity?

Pharmaco-refractive treatments

The use of pinhole optics (PHO) to increase the depth of focus has been around for decades. Many of the medical devices that have been used to address presbyopia have capitalized on this optical phenomenon.³ Eyecare practitioners currently use PHO to double check for refractive accuracy with a pinhole occluder.⁴

Devices such as AcuFocus’s Kamra inlay have shown to be a safe and effective treatment for presbyopia (as followed by a 4-year post-implant study).^5,6 Despite the need of some of the devices to be explanted (<7 percent), including those that were necessitated by events (not related to the device), patient outcomes and patient satisfaction validated both effective as well as well tolerated.

Based on the concept of PHO to treat presbyopia, the new class of eye drops that will be on the market soon create PHO using a miotic. However, a miotic such as pilocarpine alone, unless selectively dosed, is problematic to use because of its side effects.⁷ These side effects include headache, redness, cillary spasm, brow ache, accommodation, and even uveitis. Another concern with miotics is their varying effects of onset, duration, and durability due to iris color.⁸

Despite the shortcomings of miotics, pharmaceutical companies and clinical scientists have moved forward to develop pharmaco-refractive products to treat presbyopia. The formulations have been combining the miotic with agents to temper the side effects while allowing the miotic to work or by precise titration of the dose. While pilocarpine is likely the most common miotic used for these combinations as well as a stand-alone, other actively used miotics are carbachol and aceclidine.

Related: Surgical, medical approaches making waves in presbyopia

The tempering components of the drug formulation are: – Brimonodine to reduce cillary muscle contraction

– Bromfenac, diclofenac, dexamethasone to reduce inflammation and cillary muscle contraction

– Phenylephrine to reduce cillary muscle contraction – Naphazoline to reduce redness

– Tropicamide to reduce accommodation)

– Polyethylene glycol to increase comfort

These are only some of the active ingredients because many active ingredients of products under corporate development are kept confidential. One of these, oxymetazoline, is noted to be one of the active ingredients in the Allergan formulation, possibly used to temper the miotic. Listings of the products can be seen in Table 1.

Table 1: Presbyopia treatment formulation ingredients

Following are companies seeking approval.

Allergan

Allergan released Phase IIa data from a study comparing oxymetazoline (AGN-199201), low-dose pilocarpine (AGN-190584), and both agents together. Oxymetazoline is a vasoconstriction decongestant, a direct-acting alpha-1 adrenergic agonist, and alpha-2a adrenergic partial agonist traditionally used to treat sinus congestion and conjunctival hyperemia.

In the company’s Phase II trial, about 70 percent of subjects had at least a 2-line improvement in uncorrected near visual acuity (UCNVA).⁹ More data from additional Phase II studies is expected later in 2020.

Allergan announced positive topline results of the Phase III GEMINI 1 and 2 studies last month, which enrolled a total of 750 patients randomized in a 1-to-1 ratio of vehicle (placebo) to AGN-190584 (pilocarpine 1.25%). Data from these studies will be the basis for a New Drug Application submission for AGN-190584 to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the first half of 2021.¹⁰

Ocuphire Pharma

Ocuphire Pharma’s Nyxol is a combination asset using low-dose pilocarpine combined with phentolamine mesylate, a non-selective α-1 and α-2a adrenergic antagonist.This combined product offers a synergistic effect to produce ≥30 percent decrease in pupil size. In addition, Nyxol provides durability because the decrease in pupil size lasted up to 15 days in almost 60 percent of the subjects under both photopic and mesopic conditions. The product is delivered in a kit form with phentolamine mesylate given at bedtime to mitigate concerns with hyperemia and low-dose pilocarpine given the following day or days later as needed to enhance the effect. This may present challenges for patient compliance in the clinic setting.¹¹

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Orasis Pharma

Orasis Pharma’s CSF-1 developed an oil-based formulation which is a proprietary combination of a miotic and vehicle which may contain a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). This parasympathomimetics creates a pinhole effect, and the NSAID precludes discomfort due to ciliary spasm and minimizes the risk of uveitis, according to the company.

Its Phase IIb clinical trial with an enrollment of 166 subjects successfully met the primary endpoint, which demonstrated statistically significant improvement in distance-corrected near visual acuity of a 3-line or greater gain.^12,13 The company plans to complete its Phase III trial in 2020.

Visus Therapeutics

Visus Therapeutics’ Brimochol utilizes two active ingredients that constrict the iris sphincter and inhibit iris dilator contraction: carbachol and brimonidine. The combined product gives immediate effect (within 30 minutes) and features durability that can last through most of the day (8-10 hours).¹⁴

Presbyopia Therapies

Presbyopia Therapies’ PXR-100 uses acelcedine and tropicamide to induce miosis and mitigate accommodation, respectively. The drop causes miosis without the typical accommodative effect, thus providing improvement in near vision without impairment in distance vision with the pinhole effect, according to the company. Onset is within 30 minutes, and the effect last for 4 to 5 hours. During the trial, almost 50 percent of the subjects gained 3 lines of distance-corrected near vision acuity (DCNVA) and >90 percent gained 2 lines.¹⁵ PRX-100 clinical trials were conducted in Tijuana, Mexico, and the company expects to be in Phase III trials by the end of 2020.

Eyenovia

Eyenovia has taken a novel approach in that its micro-dose drug delivery device can deliver a precise dosage of pilocarpine. It is based on the fact that the eye cannot hold more that 6 to 8 μL of fluid but that the average dose of an eye drop is 40+ μL. The device charges the delivery dose of 7 μL so it adheres to the surface and distributes the dosage evenly on the cornea. The combined effect lases for about 3 to 4 hours.¹⁶

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Non-U.S. formulations

More than a dozen pharmaco-refractive formulations being tested, with some outside of the U.S.

One notable formulation is FOV tears based in Colombia. Luis Filipe Vejarano, MD, has developed a drop cocktail composed of pilocarpine 0.247%, phenylephrine 0.78%, polyethylene-glycol 0.09%, nepafenac 0.023%, pheniramine 0.034% and naphazoline 0.003%. Unlike most of the other pharmaco refractive formulations this one allows for what Vejarano calls “pseudo-accommodation in which accommodation is allowed to occur while the miosis is kept to a minimum.¹⁷

A limited study of 14 patients showed that an improvement in uncorrected near visual acuity (UNVA) of 2 to 3 lines for as much as 4 hours.¹⁸

Follow-up to that study described an increase of +0.75 D to 1.50 D with continued use of the formulation. An observational study of 294 patients noted that with photopic pupil sizes greater than 3.2 mm, >60 percent of the subjects were able to gain >3 lines of near vision when tested monocularly. The inventor indicates his own amplitude of accommodation has increased from 1.75 D in 2013 to 3.50 D in 2017 with constant use of the drops.¹⁹

The product will be in the US licensed by OSRX (Ocular Science), a compounding pharmacy that specializes in ophthalmic formulations. Table 2 summarizes the products in development.

Table 2: Potential new presbyopia treatments in development

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Conclusion

While the market for these products is just beginning, the opportunities for the use of pharmaco-refractive treatment for presbyopia will grow exponentially as they are approved. Whether they are applied as stand-alone treatments or in conjunction with current treatments of spectacles, contact lenses, refractive surgical interventions, or rescue therapies, they will enhance the treatment options for both providers as well as patients.

References

1. Rev Optom Bus. Presbyopia Expected to Impact Billions Worldwide. Available at: https://www.reviewob. com/presbyopia-expected-to-impact-billionsworldwide-3/:~:text=In%20the%20U.S.,%20this%20 population,within%20the%20next%20seven%20years. Accessed 10/30/20.

2. Matchar E. This Chemical Compound Could Melt Away Cataracts. Smithsonian Mag. Available at: https://www. smithsonianmag.com/innovation/chemical-compoundcould-melt-away-cataracts-180957285/?no-ist. Accessed 10/23/20.

3. Fuller D. Depth-of-Focus Optics: A Guide for Optometrists. Rev Optom. Available at: https://www.reviewofoptometry. com/article/extended-depthoffocus-optics-a-guide-foroptometrists. Accessed 10/23/20.

4. Hennelly ML. How to detect myopia in the eye clinic. Community Eye Health. 2019;32(105):15-16

5. ClinicalTrials.gov. Safety and Effectiveness of the AcuFocus Corneal Inlay ACI7000PDT in Presbyopes. Available at: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01352442. Accessed 10/23/20.

6. Dell SJ. PRX-100: A Pharmacologic Approach to Presbyopia. Millennial Eye. Available at: https://millennialeye. com/articles/2014-nov-dec/prx-100-a-pharmacologicapproach-to-presbyopia/. Accessed 10/26/20.

7. MedLine Plus. Pilocarpine Ophthalmic. Available at: https:// medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a682874.html. Accessed 10/26/20.

8. Zimmerman TJ, Wheeler TM. Miotics: side effects and ways to avoid them. Ophthalmology. 1982 Jan;89(1):76-80

9. ClinicalTrials.gov. Safety and Efficacy of AGN199201 and AGN-190584 in Patients With Presbyopia. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02197806. Accessed 10/26/20.

10. ClinicalTrials.gov. A Phase 3 Efficacy Study of AGN-190584 in Participants With Presbyopia. Available at: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03857542. Accessed 10/26/20.

11. Pepose JS, Pitlick B, Meyer A, et al. Phentolamine mesylate ophthalmic solution provides long lasting pupil modulation and improves visual acuity. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2020 June;61(7):5100.

12. ClinicalTrials.gov. A Multi-Center, Double-Masked Evaluation of the Efficacy and Safety of CSF-1 in the Treatment of Presbyopia. Available at: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03885011. Accessed 10/26/20.

13. Orasis Pharmaceuticals. Orasis Pharmaceuticals announces CSF-1 eye drop successfully met primary endpoint in phase 2b clinical study in presbyopia. Press release. Available at: https://www.orasis-pharma.com/orasispharmaceuticals-announces-csf-1-eye-drop-successfully-metprimary-endpoint-in-phase-2b-clinical-study-in-presbyopia/. Accessed 10/26/20.

14. Abdelkader A. Improved Presbyopic Vision With Miotics. Eye Contact Lens. 2015 Sep;41(5):323-7.

15. Lipner M. A unique drop. EyeWorld. Available at: https:// www.eyeworld.org/article-a-unique-drop. Accessed 10/26/20.

16. Eyenovia web site. Available at: https://eyenovia.com/ technology-2019/. Accessed 10/30/20.

17. Renna A, Vejarano LF, et al. Pharmacological treatment of presbyopia by novel binocularly instilled eye drops: a pilot study. Ophthalmol Ther. 2016 Jun;5(1):63-73.

18. Binder SP. Topical accommodating eye drops. EyeWorld. Available at: https://www.eyeworld.org/topicalaccommodating-eye-drops. Accessed 10/30.20.

19. Vargas V, Vejarano F, Alió JL. Near vision improvement with the use of a new topical compound for presbyopia correction: a prospective, consecutive interventional non-comparative clinical study. Ophthalmol Ther. 2019;8(1):31-39.